In twelfth century England, France and Germany, the profile of members
of the caste of mounted warriors was clearly defined. The close connection
between knights and their mounts is apparent in the words for them in
various languages: from the French cheval (horse), we have chevalier,
cavaliere (Italian), and caballero (Spanish); the German word for knight ritter
(rider) was the basis for the Polish rycer. Only in English was the etymology
different; knight comes from the Anglo-Saxon cniht, meaning household
retainer or servant.
In the life of a knight, the horse occupied a position of great importance,
and was, literally, his right-hand companion. Horses were led by knights or
their squires on their right-hand sides, and this was the origin of the term
destrier for war-horse.
The medieval knight occupied a precisely defined position in society; his
relationship with his superiors and inferiors was codified. He was primarily
a warrior, and his rank, authority and obligations derived from this fact. He
owed certain duties and obligations to his feudal liege (although free from
feudal taxes), and certain obligations and duties were due to him from his
serfs. His position and wealth depended on the size of his fiefdom, but a
significant source of his income was war booty.
In the beginning, knighthood could be conferred by another knight, but
as the feudal system developed this turned into a privilege of the sovereign,
and became linked with religious ritual. This hierarchy of authority was
important to a ruler, because without his knights he was powerless to
enforce his will.
The norms for behavior among knights were set down in a code of
chivalry, but this did not govern their behavior towards other classes,
except for biblical injunctions of mercy to the weak and charity to the poor.
Induction into the knighthood was a special ceremony. The ancestry and
military prowess of the candidates were important, and it was rare indeed
for an outstanding warrior not of noble birth to become a knight. The sons
of knights and noblemen began serving as pages at court or with another
knight at the age of seven. At 14 they became squires, and at 21 they were
proposed for induction into the knighthood.