I'm not French, but yes, let's stay on the topic.
Linguistic: Normans spoke a dialect of French instead of any of the Scandinavian languages.
Normans were French, my friend.
You are the one who is salty, I merely pointed out that your original statement was wrong, Mongolians didn't conquer the world.
I do realise that..... I meant that the success of Mongols wasn't due to revolutionary tactics, they were still using the same nomadic tactics like their ancestors. The difference was that the generals were very capable and that was the main reason Mongols were able to defeat many empires at that time. Japan actually fought Mongols and repelled them on land, so Mongol failure to conquest Japan wasn't only because of tsunamis. The reason for Mongol retreat from Europe is a myth. The death of Khan is only a theory, it could be the climate, terrain, sieges etc... The jungles of Vietnam proved to be too much for Mongolian calvary, they had a lot of trouble dealing with the terrain of Southern Song as well. Which sentence from my last post made you think that I was discrediting the mongols? These are all facts.
Well, relying only on surcoat to absorb heat apparently wasn't enough adaptation. They were still covered with mail and padding, many of them were wearing bucket helms(tin cans with holes) suffering from bad ventilation.
Mamluks generally had a tough time fighting mongols though. But if I were to rank the three armies based on their achivements:
To clarify, mongolians didn't conquer the world. They failed miserably in many places in Southeastern asia, Japan, Western Europe, India, and Northern Africa. The terrain of those places just weren't suitable for mounted archery. And to be honest, it wasn't the Mongolians who conquered many countries, but Ghengis Khan and his brilliant generals. Without them, the Mongolian tactics were little to no different from usual nomadic tactics that agricultural societies had been dealing with for centuries.
I'm not biased...... wearing thick armor in the desert is not a smart choice. They needed a constant supply of water to not become dehydrated. The Kurdish general Saladin exploited this weakness to win the battle of Hattin. They should have adapted to the environment that they were fighting in. Crusaders had some great victories, but if they were smarter, maybe they could've secured the holy land....
Of course I know Damascus steel, but my limited knowledge on metallurgy tells me that Damascus steel only look pretty, and many expensive daggers nowadays are made from Damascus. They are more for art display than actual battles. I don't believe that muslim soldiers were wearing mail made from Damascus steel back then. They were expensive and perform worse than normal steel for battle.
They could also be wearing double riveted mail, which offered a bit extra protection against arrows at the cost of much more weight. Imagine how they felt wearing 50 lbs of weight under scorching sun. They were also fighting and sweating etc.. Maybe that's why the crusaders were so inefficient and lost. In the desert or any hot and arid regions, I would trade protection for mobility anyday. It's just a smarter choice.
Maybe it was true, I don't know. But one thing that confuses me is that the muslim forces wore mail armor as well......they learnt how to manufacture mail from Europe centuries ago.......could it be that the Crusaders armor were made from better steel? Like Valyrian steel from GOT or something?