Historical sources:
Lusitanians and Vettones:
"The Lusitanians are said to be experts in ambushes and explorations. They carry light weapons and are experts in manouvers.
They have a small shield two feet in diameter, concave on the front and attached because it has no clamp or handles, and they also carry a dagger or knife. Most wear linen coats; those who wear them of mail and helmets with three feathers (*Probably hispano-calcidic helmets) are rare,
and the rest wear helmets of nerves. Those on foot wear greaves(*Maybe a type o high shocks,probably common among all of the Spanish people) and several spears each.
Some also use spears, whose point are of bronze."
Strabo III, 3,6 (1st century AD)
"The most valiant among the Iberians are those who are known as Lusitanians, who carry in war very small shields which are interwoven with cords of sinew and are able to protect the body unusually well, because they are so tough; and shifting this shield easily as they do in their fighting, now here, now there, they cleverly ward off from their person every blow which comes at them. They also use barbed javelins made entirely of iron, and wear helmets and swords very much like those of the Celtiberians. They hurl the javelin with good effect, even over a long distance, and, in fine, are doughty in dealing their blows. Since they are nimble and wear light arms, they are swift both in flight and in pursuit, but when it comes to enduring the hardships of a stiff fight they are far inferior to the Celtiberians."
Diodorus Siculus
§ 5.34.(1st century BC)
Celtiberians:
"And this people, it would appear, provide for warfare not only excellent cavalry but also foot-soldiers who excel in prowess and endurance. They wear rough black cloaks, the wool of which resembles the hair of goats.
As for their arms, certain of the Celtiberians, carry light shields like those of the Gauls, and certain carry circular wicker shields as large as an aspis [Greek shield], and about their shins and calves they wind greaves made of hair and on their heads they wear bronze helmets adorned with red crests(*Purple in other translations). The swords they wear are two-edged and wrought of excellent iron, and they also have dirks a span in length which they use in fighting at close quarters. And a peculiar practice is followed by them in the fashioning of their weapons; for they bury plates of iron in the ground and leave them there until in the course of time the rust has eaten out what is weak in the iron and what is left is only the most unyielding, and of this they then fashion excellent swords and such other objects as pertain to war. The weapon which has been fashioned in the manner described cuts through anything which gets in its way, for no shield or helmet or bone can withstand a blow from it, because of the exceptional quality of the iron. Able as they are to fight in two styles, they first carry on the contest on horseback, and when they have defeated the cavalry they dismount, and assuming the rôle of foot-soldiers they put up marvellous battles."
Diodorus Siculus 5,33(1st century BC)
Cantabri and Astyrs
"They live a simple life, drinking water, sleeping on the floor, and wearing long hair like women. In combat they gird their foreheads with a shash.
(...) They practiced gymnastic exercises, with weapons, on horseback, boxing and races, shooting darts and fighting in battalions. (...) All generally wear capes of fur, (...) Such is the life of the mountaineers, that is to say, as I have said of the peoples that occupy the northern side of Iberia: the Gallaecians and Asturians and Cantabrians up to the basques and the Pyrenees. Since the life of all of them is identical."
Strabo 3,3,7 (1st century AD)
This was a Cantabrian, Larus by name, who could have inspired fear even unarmed; so gigantic was his frame. After the fashion of his nation he fought with a battle-axe; and, though he saw the ranks around him defeated and overthrown, yet, when all his countrymen were destroyed, he filled single-handed the places of the slain. If his foe stood face to face, Larus rejoiced to glut his rage by smiting him on the forehead; or, if he was forced to meet an enemy on his left hand, he whirled his weapon round and struck a sidelong blow. Or when a victorius foe attacked him from behind, he was not dismayed but could ply his axe in that direction" (Silius Italicus,
Punica XVI, 46-69:
Punica : Silius Italicus, Tiberius Catius : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive).
Balearic people:
"after sailing like crabs on the rocks of Gimnesias surrounded by the sea, they dragged their existence covered with hairy skins, without clothes, barefoot, armed with three double-rope slings. And mothers teach their youngest children, fasting, the art of pulling; since none of them will taste the bread with their mouths if before, with a precise stone, they do not hit a piece placed on a stick as a target." Lycophron of Chalcis (3rd century BC)
exploringcelticciv.web.unc.edu