Then why did the Song use crossbows and massive fortifications through the entire country? China is enormous and its heartlands are insanely jagged hilly terrain, only the north ever needed to be organised to fight nomads. The primary tools that Chinese dynasties developed against nomads were large cavalry armies of seminomadic frontier people and political marriages, not crossbows. If the primary defense a country has against an invader is just a type of weapon, they have probably already lost.
First off I want to say you're strawmanning my argument by cherrypicking it down to just "crossbows" when I never even implied the primary defense against nomads was "just a type of weapon". I said heavily armored cavalry and fortifications as other effective ways of defeating horse-archer armies (crossbows alone would be of reduced effectiveness), and I never said it was the only way, nor that it was unbeatable. When it comes to crossbows being used across the whole empire I don't know exactly why, but I have two guesses. The first guess is reasons of standardizing what worked on the frontiers (crossbows were mass-produced and crossbowmen were trained in huge numbers). The second is from this quote:
"When struggling to defend mountain-passes, where much noise and impetuous strength must be stemmed, there is nothing like the crossbow for success," said Zeng Gongliang.
"Of course, in mounted archery [using the short bow] the Yi and the Di are skilful, but the Chinese are good at using nu che. The crossbows can shoot their bolts to a considerable range, and do more harm [lit. penetrate deeper] than those of the short bow. And again, if the crossbow bolts are picked up by the barbarians they have no way of making use of them. The strong crossbow [jing nu] and the [arcuballista shooting] javelins have a long range; something which the bows of the Huns can no way equal. The drill of crossbow men alternately advancing [to shoot] and retiring [to load]; this is something which the Huns cannot even face. The troops with crossbows ride forward [cai guan shou] and shoot off all their bolts in one direction; this is something which the leather armour and wooden shields of the Huns cannot resist," said Chao Cuo.
@Apocal The Wujing Zongyao, written during the Song dynasty, offers the crossbow as the most effective method of fighting against the steppe nomads, while Thomas the Archdeacon said the same based on his experiences at the Mongol Siege of Split. So yes, I would definitely call crossbows "especially effective" when used in conjunction with either stone fortifications or heavy cavalry. Obviously fighting fire with fire and turning nomadic yourself to fight nomads was a very successful option too, but that doesn't preclude crossbows as something that worked in their own right- effective horse archery is something that requires lifelong training, while learning to shoot a crossbow is much more simple. If you can't raise your own horse archer army then crossbows supported by either heavy cavalry or stone castles are your next best bet, like what stopped the Mongols in Europe. You know what didn't stop the Mongols? The Kipchak/Cuman horse-archers they rolled over.
Believe it or not that is small fry for the Mongols. The full field army of the mongol empire numbered something like a million men, spread into 3 fronts of which Europe was the smallest by a large margin.
My point is that China in the 1200s was almost unimaginably more developed and fortified than anywhere in Europe at the time, as well as having far worse terrain for nomads, but in about 100 years (which incidentally seems to be the standard for nomads conquering china) they had the whole thing under their control. If for some reason the Mongolian conquest ideology had included Europe as rightfully theirs, it's really a stretch to think that even a united europe would have stopped the mongols in the 1200s when a fully united China couldn't.
I'm confused. I assumed either you came here to contradict my statement that the Mongols could be stopped; or to imply that the game's representation of Khuzait conquering range is accurate with its real life equivalent.
What-if scenarios aren't really relevant to either of those, because the Mongols obviously never focused their full strength on Europe, and if they had, they would have been stopped in Asia instead. So either way they would have been stoppable.
But there's nothing in the game that suggests this. They have Mongol names, their unit types are have mongol names, they use the term Khan, tney look like Mongols, use Chinese weapons and one of the armours even has fake Chinese letters on it. Even the official description of their faction only matches the Mongol empire.
Well, like you said, Mongols weren't settled whereas
the Khazars were, so that's a suggestion! The names are not actually explicitly Mongolian, with the exception of Kheshig, which (I think) was a Mongol invention. The term "Khan" was used by the Gokturks, well before the Mongol Empire. The term "Torguud" comes from the Turkic Keraites. "Qanqli" comes from the Kipchaks. "Tarkhan"/"Darqan" is a term from the Khazars. I think what's important to note is that there are going to be a lot of similarities in language and equipment to the Mongols in these various pre-Mongol groups because they inhabited a similar area to the Mongols. The first Gokturk Khaganate, for example, spread from Europe over to China, so Chinese cultural influence would have been just as likely for them as it was for the Mongols.
The description of the faction actually matches the Pannonian Avars much better than it does the Mongol Empire. The Avar Khaganate was formed by nomads who entered Europe while fleeing the expansion of the Gokturk Khaganate.
I know the lore in the M&B series has very tenuous continuity, but if it's any help, Warband (set in the 1200s) has an explicit mention of an eastern "Great Horde" who are causing the Khergits to flee westwards. This would make that Great Horde the Mongol equivalent in M&B, while the Khergits are equivalent to the Kipchaks that the Mongols ended up displacing.