Are there planes/bombers in the game? are they space worthy? can we put them in our ships?
Yes, yes, and yes. They are remotely controlled pre-sapient artificial intelligences, no pilots needed.
The remote connection can indeed be jammed, hacked, or otherwise interrupted. Carriers are thus not really a dominant combat force, but the drones are good for scouting and stuff like that.
Btw how does recruitment and getting more ships into the fleet work? Can I capture ships?
There is boarding and capturing of ships, though it'll be very hard to do. You can also make a deal with a colony and/or megacorp to build a ship for you (you may also get new equipment like new turrets if you have the slots and refits for new sensors n stuff in the same manner if they have an orbital drydock).
Strewn around the unexplored parts of the map, there may also be ancient abandoned ships that you can try to capture and use. Bring guns though.
was considering travel time for star galleons
Each turn is one Earth month. To cross a square on that map, any ship needs 2 days. To go diagonally, it will take 3 days (as it is a 50% longer distance in real-time).
So yes, in the space of one turn you can go just about anywhere, but going multiple locations in one turn may be difficult, and round trips won't necessarily be super quick.
This wasn't a serious question but no, there aren't. There is melee combat, but it only occurs in limited occasions during boarding actions.
are there other ships we cannot start with?
Yes. The four ships that warlords can choose right from the beginning are the Star Sloop, Star Frigate, Heavy Star Frigate, and Star Galleon. Colony players start the game off with an old star galleon (like a century or two obsolete, parts may not necessarily be compatible with refits, etc.)
There are two tiers smaller than Star Sloop, and a further two larger than Star Galleon. The smallest ships are Star Cutters - these can be built and launched into orbit from the ground, and thus any colony can build them if they have the resources. The largest ships are Star Dreadnoughts, it's very unlikely that you'll see those around though.