Adding towards jacob's post, the Muslims that conquered the remains of the Byzantine Empire and other areas (
The Rashidun Caliphate) had a very interesting policy towards their conquered subjects (which would be relevant to Imperialism on this topic). The non-Muslim monotheist inhabitants - Jews, Zoroastrians, and Christians of the conquered lands were called dhimmis (the protected people). Those who accepted Islam were treated in a similar manner as other Muslims, and were given equivalent rights in legal matters. Non-Muslims were given legal rights according to their faiths' law except where it conflicted with Islamic law. In some senses, Islamic law made dhimmis second-class citizens. For instance, a Muslim woman could not marry a Non-Muslim man, and the son of a Muslim man and a dhimmi woman was always considered a Muslim, with no choice left to the individual. Dhimmis were allowed to "practice their religion, and to enjoy a measure of communal autonomy" and were guaranteed their personal safety and security of property, but only in return for paying tax and acknowledging Muslim rule. Dhimmis were also subject to pay jizya (Tax levied on dhimmis permanently residing in Muslim lands, Muslims were expected to pay zakat and kharaj, which we can talk through at a later date). Disabled dhimmis did not have to pay jizya and, were even given a stipend by the state.