Kerait
The Kerait were a tribe of mixed Mongol and Turkic ancestry. However, names and titles of Kerait rulers imply that they primarily spoke a Turkic language.[2][3][4][5] They were partly influenced by Nestorianism.[3][6] Prominent christian figures were Toghrul and Sorghaghtani Beki
Merkit
The Merkit were a Mongol tribe who opposed the rise of Temüjin, and kidnapped his new wife Börte. They were defeated and absorbed into the Mongol nation early in the 13th century. Other than with most other tribes, that was the end of their line of ancestry
Dörbet
The Dörbet (Mongolian: Дөрвөд Dörvöd) are one of the four major sub-tribes of the Oirat people. Dörbets are distributed among Western part of Mongolian state, Kalmykia and small portion in Heilongjiang, PRC. In Mongolia Dörbets are centered in the Uvs aimag, which was the center for Dörbet 2 aimags during Qing. Dörbets play important role in modern Mongolia. Tsedenbal was Dörbet.
Borjigin
Borjigin (plural Borjigit or Borjigid; Khalkha Mongolian: Боржигин, Borjigin; Chinese: 博爾濟吉特/孛儿支斤; pinyin: Bó'ěrjìjítè; Manchu: ) were the imperial clan of Genghis Khan and his successors. The family ruled over a united Mongol Empire in the 13th century. Despite its split following the succession war in 1260-1264, in 1271, Kublai Khan—who, as a direct descendant and grandson of Genghis, also carried the name—established the Yuan Dynasty in China. The Borjigit clan continued to rule over China, Mongolia, and other parts of Asia for much of the following century. In 1368, under Toghun Temür, the Yuan Dynasty was overthrown by the Ming Dynasty in China but members of the family continued to rule over Mongolia into the 17th century, known as the Northern Yuan, and they were the strongest of the 49 Mongol banners. The Qing Dynasty respected them, marrying the Borjigids along with Khorchin. According to Rashid ad-Din, many of Mongolian old clans were founded by Borjigin members - Barlas, Urud, Manghud, Taichiut, Chonos, Kiyat etc. Their descendants live in Inner Mongolia and Mongolia.
Barlas
The Barlas (Chagatay/Persian: برلاس - Barlās; also Berlas or Birlas) were a Turkicized[1][2] Mongolian[3][4] (Turko-Mongol) nomadic confederation in Central Asia and the chief tribe of the Timurids who ruled much of Central Asia, Iran, and South Asia in the Middle Ages.
Manghit
The Manġhud (Mangghud) or Mangudai (turkish: Manghit) originally were a Turco-Mongol tribe. They established the Nogai Horde in the 14th c. and the Manghit Dynasty to rule the Emirate of Bukhara in 1785. The clan name was used for Mongol vanguards as well. Their descendants live in several regions of the former Mongol Empire.
Tayichiud
The Tayichiud were a Mongolian tribe, mostly residing in the centre of Mongolia and southeastern area.
The Tayichiud were rivals of the Naimans and several other tribes. In the Secret History of the Mongols, they are portrayed as bitter enemies of Genghis Khan. As allies of Jamukha and the Keraits, they could defeat the latter bitterly.
Although ruling Tayichiud clan was destroyed by Genghis, their descendants, who surrendered, achieved fame in parts of Mongol Empire. Jebe (born Jurgadai), who stroke final blow to the Jurchens in Manchuria in 1219 and defeated Kypchaks and their European allies at the battle of Kalka in 1223, was from Besud clan of Tayichiud.
Baiju, the commander of the Tammachi in Persia, was also from Besud clan of the Tayichud. Chilaun, the one of Genghis Khan's 4 close companions, was from the Suldus, the sub-clan of the Tayichiud. His descendant Chupan reached the peak of his career during the reign of Ilkhan Abu Said and was given the title of chief commander of all Mongol Khanates by the court of Yuan Dynasty in 1327. In Chagatai Khanate, another aristocrat Buyan Suldus overthrew Qara'unas in Transoxiana in 1359 but was executed by Chagatai Khan Tughluq Temur in 1362.
People with clan name the Tayichud or the Taichud are found among the Mongolians in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia.
Oirat
Oirat (Oirads, Oyirads, Oirots) is the common name of several pastoral nomadic tribes of Mongolian origin whose ancestral home is in the Dzungaria and Amdo regions of western Mongolia and also western China. Although the Oirats originated in the eastern parts of Central Asia, the most prominent group today is located in the Republic of Kalmykia, a federal subject of the Russian Federation, where they are called Kalmyks. The Kalmyks migrated from Dzungaria to the southeastern European part of the Russian Federation nearly 400 years ago.
Historically, the Oirats were composed of four major tribes: Choros or Ölöt, Torghut, Dörbet, and Khoshut. The minor tribes include: Khoit, Bayid, Mangit, Zakhachin, and Darkhat.
Buryats
The Buryats or Buriyads, numbering approximately 436,000, are the largest ethnic minority group in Siberia and are mainly concentrated in their homeland, the Buryat Republic, a federal subject of Russia. They are the northernmost major Mongol group.[1]
Buryats share many customs with their Mongolian cousins, including nomadic herding and erecting yurts for shelter. Today, the majority of Buryats live in and around Ulan Ude, the capital of the republic, although many live more traditionally in the countryside. They speak in a dialect of Mongolian language called Buryat
Tuvans
Tuvans or Tuvinians (Tuvan: Тывалар, Tyvalar) are a group of Turkic people. They are historically known as Uriankhai, from the Mongolian designation.[1]
Tuvans have historically been cattle-breeding nomads, tending to their herds of goats, sheep, camels, reindeer, cattle and yaks for the past thousands of years. They have traditionally lived in yurts covered by felt or chums covered with birch bark or hide that they relocate seasonally as they move to newer pastures.
Naimans
The Naimans, also Naiman Turks[1][2] or Naiman Mongols[3], (Mongolian: naiman, "eight"[4], Kazakh: Найман) was a Mongolian name given to a group of people dwelling on the steppe of Central Asia, having diplomatic relations with the Kara-Khitai, and subservient to them until 1177. The Naimans are most often classified as a Turkic people from Sekiz Oghuz (means 'Eight Oghuz' in Turkic),[5][6][7][8] but there are also sources that count them as Mongols.[8] Like the Khitan and the Uyghurs, many of them were Nestorian Christians and Buddhists. When last Tayan Khan was killed after a battle with Genghis Khan in 1203, his son Kuchlug with his remaining Naiman troops fled to the Kara-Khitai. Kuchlug was well received there and the Khitan King gave him his daughter in marriage. Kuchlug soon began plotting against his new father-in-law, and after executing him and taking his place, he began to presecute Muslims in the Hami Oases. But his action was opposed by local people and he was later defeated by the Mongols under Jebe and the land of the Kara-Khitai empire incorporated into Mongol Empire.
Öngüd
The Öngüd, or Öngüt, were a Turkic[1] tribe, active in Mongolia around the time of Genghis Khan (1162–1227).[2] Many members were Nestorian Christians.[3] They lived in an area lining the Chinese Great Wall, in the northern part of the Ordos and territories to the northeast of it.[2] They acted as wardens of the marches for the Chin to the north of the province Shansi.[4]
When the Öngüt chief Alakush-tegin was killed for supporting the Mongols against the Naimans, Genghis Khan took the family under his protection and gave the son one of his own daughters in marriage.
Many famous post-Genghis Mongols are of Öngüd descent, including the well-known monk, traveler, and diplomat, Rabban Sauma (1220–1294).