[research] republican Rome

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Gladius Typology (re-posted )

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Republican swords and equipment

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Pyrrhic War, Hastatus - Iberian pattern sword

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Second Punic War, Triarius - Gladius Hispaniensis

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Third Macedonian War, Eques - Xiphos / Greek pattern sword

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Gladius Hispaniensis (Delos) 2nd century BC - 1st century AD

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Palmyrene deities, Aglibol, Baalshamin (center),
and Malakbel (1st century; found near Palmyra, Syria)


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2nd century BC, Eques equipment

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Sertorian War

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Main Osprey Sources:

Warrior - Roman Republican Legionary 298-105 BC.
Warrior - Roman Legionary 109–58 BC
Weapon - The Gladius
 
Osprey - Weapon 55  The Pilum

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Pilum Typology

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Pilum Dimensions

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Pila details by century

4th century BC

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3rd century BC

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2nd century BC

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Plates

At a Distance

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Up Close

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Cristos Giannopolos, reconstructions...

Roman infantrymen 260 BC. 

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Infantryman equipped with weapons and armor
trophies after the defeat at Cannes 216 BC.

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Peter Connolly - Romans build fortifications near the walls of Carthage 149 BC.

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Andrei Karashchuk - 3rd century BC, standard and music

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Peter Dennis - Roman cavalry 2nd century BC

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Les gladiateurs - 2020
François Gilbert & Florent Vincent

Early Gladiators
Gallus (3rd century BC), Samnis (4th century BC) and Thraex (2nd century BC)

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Gladiators 4th–1st centuries BC​

1. FUNERAL DUELS, CAMPANIA, 4TH CENTURY BC

These three Lucanian warriors of the 4th century BC are
representative of the men who clashed during the funeral games. They are the ancestors of the first gladiators of the Samnites armatura. They are inspired by frescoes discovered in several necropolises around the ancient city of Paestum in Campania.
(1) Lucanian warrior, c.320–315 BC
This figure, based upon a tomb painting in the necropolis of Andriuolo, is a wealthy man, capable of owning a horse and full equipment. His Italo-Chalcidian helmet is spectacular, with a bronze crest, wings and feathers. The artefact is in the Museo archeologico nazionale del Melfese “Massimo Pallottino” (Italy). His breastplate is a white linothorax, worn over a beige tunic. Typical of this region, he wears a large bronze belt, which is a symbol of virility; it remained an accessory for gladiators for centuries. The decorated shield comes from a fresco in the necropolis of Vannulo.
(2) Lucanian warrior, c.350 BC
This warrior is completely naked under his panoply, perhaps for a religious reason. Based on armour held at the Museo archeologico nazionale di Paestum (Capaccio Paestum, Italy), his trilobed armour, typical of the peoples of Samnium, is made up of two similar plates (ventral and dorsal), held by wide bronze straps. With an original crest mount, the helmet also comes from Paestum. His conical shield is made of woven wicker, covered with leather. His weapons are javelins that are intended to be used like banderillas.
(3) Lucanian warrior, 375–350 BC
This man wears neither breastplate nor helmet, and is protected only by a pair of greaves and his shield, the latter a wooden hoplon (or aspis) covered with leather or metal. A bronze belt encircles his highly decorated tunic; the Romans laughed at these colourful tunics. Few frescoes show funeral battles with swords.
(4) Referee, c.365 BC
Funeral duels were conducted under the control of referees, like all athletic competitions. This depiction is based upon a fresco at Paestum. He too wears a bronze belt, along with his loosely draped garment. He wields a long flexible wand to enforce his decisions; it is the symbol of his function. In his other hand, he holds the crown that will be presented to the winner.


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2. ‘ETHNIC’ GLADIATORS, 3RD–2ND CENTURIES BC

A relief from Amiternum (see here-here), held at the Museo
nazionale d’Abruzzo (L’Aquila, Italy), undoubtedly shows a ritual fight between two Galli, equipped with special outfits, as the historian Polybius testifies (Hist. III.62.5). The winner will take the feather of his opponent, like a trophy. The typology of certain weapons indicates a Celtic origin, and a dating between the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC.
(1) Gallus, 3rd–2nd centuries BC
The man’s head is bare, surrounded by a band in which a feather is stuck. He wears a short chain-mail shirt, an invention of the Celts, and a leather belt with an iron chain for hanging a Gallic sword, with a fabric belt placed over the top. A bronze greave – a borrowing from the Italic tradition – protects his left leg. His right hand is protected by a leather mitt.
(2) Gallus assistant
This young man is not Gallic. He only assists the Gallus in his duel, giving him spears and allowing him to continue the fight when the previous spear is broken or lost.
(3) Gallus, 2nd century BC
This Gallus is based upon a depiction on a stone urn (see here) kept at the Musée Calvet (Avignon, France). He is naked, to correspond to the stereotype of Greco-Roman literature. His flat shield is rectangular, but it could have another shape. The torque he wears was found in Fenouillet (France). His weapon is a sword, attached to the belt with a metal chain.
(4) Thraex, start of 2nd century BC
Captured in Thrace by the Romans, this prisoner of war is based on a depiction in the Sashova mogila tomb (Kazanluk, Bulgaria). His weapon is the long, almost straight scythe called a romphaia; it will shorten over time, to become the sica. His helmet is in the Phrygian style, characterized by the globular crest; the cheekpieces simulate a beard.
(5) ‘Celto-German’ gladiator, late 2nd–early 1st century BC
The Roman historian Sallust testifies to the existence of many Germans in the army of Spartacus. They are surely the descendants of the vanquished of the great migration of Cimbri and Teutons, augmented by other Celto-Germanic peoples. This figure is inspired by a bronze situla found in Pompeii. The torque is reproduced from an artefact from Tayac (France). The sword’s round pommel suggests the use of a Roman sword in place of an ‘ethnic’ sword. At this time, the outfits gradually became less ‘ethnic’, and more codified. The decoration of the hexagonal shield is visible on the situla. It also shows two spears. We understand that the duel began with the spear and ended with the sword.

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